Whole Blood RNA Samples

Expression profiling is widely used to study physiological, pathogenic, and therapeutic responses of the transcriptome. For clinical research, blood is the most commonly used tissue; but blood samples present obstacles to gene expression analysis that are not encountered with most other tissues. Blood is made up of a heterogeneous population of erythrocytes, granulocytes, and other peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The complex cellular nature of blood samples makes it difficult to detect differential gene expression that occurs in only a subset of cell types.

In addition, whole blood mRNA consists of a relatively large proportion of globin mRNA transcripts. Ambion scientists and others in the blood community, have estimated that globin transcripts represent as much as 70% of the total mRNA population. These “unwanted” globin transcripts decrease the detection sensitivity of less abundant mRNAs using microarray technology. Evidence of the dilution of mRNA by highly abundant globin mRNA has been observed on Affymetrix® GeneChip® arrays, where expression profiles from whole blood RNA show decreased Present calls and increased variability among biological replicates, relative to RNA from the white blood cell fraction of whole blood (which does not contain globin mRNA).

The GLOBINclear™-Human Kit employs a novel, nonenzymatic technology to remove >95% of the globin mRNA from whole blood total RNA. The procedure is rapid and robust (Figure 1). First, globin mRNA is removed from whole blood RNA using a novel hybridization capture technology. Then, the remaining RNA is further purified with a rapid magnetic bead-based clean-up procedure. The resulting RNA is a superior template for RNA amplification or for synthesis of labeled cDNA for array analysis. When used for expression profiling, GLOBINclear-treated blood RNA delivers a significant increase in sensitivity and a concomitant drop in variability, relative to untreated whole blood RNA.

Figure 1. The GLOBINclear™ Procedure.

The GLOBINclear-Human procedure was primarily optimized for RNA amplification using Ambion's MessageAmp II aRNA Amplification Kit to synthesize RNA for microarray analysis. The goal was to develop a process to improve global gene expression screening of samples derived from human whole blood. Without GLOBINclear processing, aRNA amplified from whole blood samples shows a very distinct ~600 nt peak that represents amplified globin mRNA. Ambion scientists found that total RNA from whole blood that had been processed with GLOBINclear produced a very different aRNA profile, in which the distinctive globin peak was absent and the resulting aRNA produced a smooth curve (Figure 2). This curve resulted from the successful removal of both alpha- and beta- globin mRNA transcripts from the amplification reaction and was more similar to the aRNA profiles obtained  from non-blood tissues.

Figure 2. Biotinylated aRNA Amplified from Whole Blood RNA Processed with the GLOBINclear™-Human Kit. RNA from human whole blood (3 µg) was processed using the GLOBINclear-Human Kit. Then, either 1 µg of this GLOBINclear whole blood RNA or 1 µg of unprocessed whole blood RNA was amplified using the MessageAmp™ II-96 Kit to generate biotinylated aRNA. Equal mass amounts of aRNA were run on the Agilent® 2100 bioanalyzer.

Figure 3 shows yield data for RNA treated with both GLOBINclear and MessageAmp II RNA amplification.

Figure 3. GLOBINclear™ RNA and aRNA Yields. Triplicate GLOBINclear-Human reactions and MessageAmp™ II-96 RNA amplification reactions were performed with the indicated input levels of whole blood total RNA or GLOBINclear RNA, respectively. RNA and aRNA yield were determined with a NanoDrop® spectrophotometer. Values in parentheses represent 1 standard deviation. In the control reaction, a whole blood RNA sample was amplified directly without GLOBINclear processing.

The GLOBINclear procedure typically provides RNA yields of 70–90% of the starting material, depending primarily on the concentration and integrity of the input RNA. Since GLOBINclear depletes samples of >95% of their globin mRNA,  (>70% of the mRNA present), GLOBINclear-processed RNA yields less aRNA from MessageAmp II amplification than an equivalent mass of unprocessed RNA. This is because GLOBINclear-processed RNA actually contains far less mRNA template for amplification in a given amount of total RNA than unprocessed whole blood RNA.

To determine the amount of RNA to process with GLOBINclear, consider the requirements of the downstream application. For example, we recommend processing between 1 and 10 µg of whole blood RNA with the GLOBINclear-Human Kit to prepare RNA for amplification with MessageAmp II products for array analysis. Note however, that more than 1 µg of input RNA may be required if a different amplification kit is used.

To determine the effect of GLOBINclear processing on microarray expression profiling, blood samples were drawn from 6 healthy donors, and RNA was isolated with a modified PaxGene® (Qiagen) protocol. RNA (3 µg from each donor) was processed with the GLOBINclear Kit in triplicate. Figure 5 shows the amount of remaining globin mRNA for each sample after depletion of globin mRNA as described in Figure 4. In this experiment, alpha- and beta-globin mRNA were depleted by well over 95% for all donor samples.

Figure 5. Alpha- and Beta-Globin mRNA Depletion of Human Blood Samples Assayed by qRT-PCR. Triplicate GLOBINclear™ reactions (3 µg RNA input) were performed on whole blood total RNA derived from 6 human donors, and real-time qRT-PCR was used to monitor globin mRNA depletion as in Figure 4. For all samples, globin mRNA was depleted at least 50 fold (98.0% reduction) relative to the untreated whole blood total RNA from the corresponding donor.

Next, 1 µg of each GLOBINclear-RNA sample was amplified using the MessageAmp II-96 Kit to synthesize biotinylated aRNA. Whole blood RNA (1 µg, unprocessed) was also amplified in triplicate for each donor. Two of the three replicate amplification reactions were randomly chosen and hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChip U133 Plus 2.0 Arrays (6 donors x 2 replicates x 2 conditions = 24 arrays).

Increased Percent Present Calls: The sensitivity of GLOBINclear RNA was evaluated by looking at several metrics, including the percentage of genes called Present by Affymetrix GeneChip Operating Software (GCOS). The percentage of genes called Present increased dramatically (range, 9–17%; mean, 13.2%) as a result of GLOBINclear processing of the RNA from all the blood donors (Figure 6). An average of 7206 additional genes were called present on U133 Plus 2.0 Arrays after GLOBINclear processing (mean Present calls=21698 ± 606). This represents fully 50% more Present genes than were called for the unprocessed whole blood RNA samples (mean Present calls=14492 ± 1347). Interestingly, the variability in sensitivity (Percent Present call standard deviation) seen within and between donors was significantly reduced after GLOBINclear processing. The exact reasons for this decreased variability are unknown; however, the most likely cause is the low signal-to-noise ratio generally associated with untreated whole blood RNA. The variability does not seem to be caused by differences in the levels of globin mRNA concentration between donors (data not shown). 

Figure 6. Percent Present Call Data for 6 Blood Donors on Affymetrix® GeneChip® U133 Plus 2.0 Arrays. Two of the three replicate GLOBINclear™- processed RNA samples (1 µg) for each donor shown in Figure 5 were amplified using the MessageAmp™ II-96 Kit to synthesize biotinylated aRNA. Untreated whole blood RNA from each donor was amplified in parallel. The biotinylated aRNA was then hybridized to duplicate microarrays, and the number of Present calls were determined using Affymetrix GeneChip operating software (GCOS) using the default settings, with scaling to all probe sets and a target signal value of 500. The error bars represent 1 standard deviation. RNA samples processed with the GLOBINclear-Human Kit resulted in a clear and consistent increase in genes called present (50% increase).

Decreased 3'/5' Ratio: Another instance of increased variability associated with untreated whole blood RNA seen during the course of this study was 3'/5' ratios in array analysis. aRNA from samples processed with the GLOBINclear-Human Kit showed a significant decrease in 3'/5' ratios of the housekeeping genes, GAPDH and actin, compared to aRNA from unprocessed samples (Figure 7). 3'/5' ratios decreased from an average of 4.43 for GAPDH and 8.03 for actin in whole blood samples, to 1.65 for GAPDH and 1.64 for actin in GLOBINclear-processed samples, respectively. In the last row of the table, results were recalculated after removing the single outlier array from Donor D, and 3'/5' ratios, and the standard deviations decreased even further. The high 3'/5' ratios seen with untreated whole blood samples are most likely due to decreased sensitivity.

Figure 7. Affymetrix® GeneChip® 3'/5' Ratios for Housekeeping Genes. Average GAPDH and Actin 3'/5'signal ratios are shown for GeneChip arrays hybridized with aRNA amplified from GLOBINclear-processed RNA or untreated whole blood RNA. Average values are derived from all 12 arrays (6 donors x duplicate technical replicates). The last row shows average ratios after removing results from the donor D outlier array. Affymetrix recommends that GAPDH and actin ratios be below 2.0 and 4.0, respectively. Numbers in parenthesis represent 1 standard deviation.

Reproducibility: The GLOBINclear method was further assessed for reproducibility by examining both the technical replicate concordance values and the correlation coefficients between replicates. Total concordant calls [P-P (Present), M-M (Marginal), A-A (Absent)], and both technical and biological correlations, were demonstrably higher for GLOBINclear-processed samples, compared to untreated whole blood samples (Figure 8). Here, as demonstrated in Figure 7, if the Donor D outlier is removed from consideration, the average concordance and average technical replicate correlation is further increased to 90.2% and 0.995, respectively. Also shown in Figure 8 are correlation coefficients for samples from donors B–F compared with a baseline sample from Donor A. As with the technical replicate comparisons, processing with GLOBINclear also reduces the variation seen among biological replicates.

(click here to enlarge)

 

 Figure 8. Correlation and Percent Concordance for GLOBINclear™ RNA and Untreated Whole Blood RNA. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) and total percent concordance are presented for biological and technical replicates. All correlation coefficients were derived from signal values estimated using Robust Multichip Average (RMA, www.bioconductor.org). Concordance is the number of concordant calls [P-P (Present), M-M (Marginal), or A-A (Absent)] divided by the total number of calls (or genes = 54,675). Present/Marginal/Absent calls were determined with Affymetrix® GeneChip Operating Software (GCOS).

 

Note 1: RMA signal values were averaged for donor technical replicates and correlation coefficients were computed for all donors vs. Donor A (baseline).

Note 2: Concordance and correlation coefficients for technical replicates were computed for each donor.