Antibodies for Parkinson’s Disease Detection and Research

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most researched neurological disorders that presents with both neurologic and systemic non-motor complications. The pathogenesis and the etiology of PD is only partially understood and lacks a proper treatment and cure. However, several drugs can contribute to controlling motor symptoms. Further research is required to completely understand the cause Parkinson’s disease and its progression. Evidence suggests that a deficiency in the ubiquitin‐proteasome system (UPS), mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and accumulation of abnormal or misfolded proteins represent the predominant molecular pathways that often cause the pathogenesis.

The significant role of genetic factors in Parkinson’s disease has been the focus of research and debate. Several disease-causing genes have been identified and mutations in these genes can contribute to either autosomal dominant (AD) or autosomal recessive (AR) form of the PD.

Although PD has different clinical and pathological features, the cause of PD and other neurological disorders may be the same – such as mutant genes, proteins, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Accumulating evidence suggests that wild-type SOD1, OPTN, DRP1, SPG11, and Ataxin 3 are key components of the neuroprotective signaling cascade. Any mutation in these proteins converge with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), PD, and others. Listed below are some of the antibodies that can be used for studying these proteins in various applications.

Figure 1. PGP9.5 antibody in immunofluorescence and western blot. A) Immunofluorescence analysis of PGP9.5 was performed using SH-SY5Y cells. The cells were labeled with PGP9.5 Monoclonal Antibody (BH7) (Cat. No. 480012) at 1:500 dilution and then labeled with Donkey anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor Plus 488 (Cat. No. A32766, 1:2000 dilution) (Panel a: Green). Nuclei (Panel b: Blue) was stained with ProLong Diamond Antifade Mountant with DAPI (Cat. No. P36962). (Panel c: Red) F-actin was stained with Rhodamine Phalloidin (Cat. No. R415, 1:300 dilution). Panel d represents the merged image showing nuclear and cytoplasmic localization. Panel e represents Hep G2 cells having no expression of PGP9.5. Panel f represents control cells with no primary antibody to assess background. The images were captured at 60X magnification. B) Western blot was performed using PGP9.5 Monoclonal Antibody (BH7) (Cat. No. 480012) and a 24 kDa band corresponding to PGP9.5 was observed in whole cell extracts (30 µg lysate) of DU 145 (Lane 1), SH-SY5Y (Lane 2), K-562 (Lane 3), HeLa (Lane 4), Hep G2 (Lane 5), Neuro-2A (Lane 6), RSC96 (Lane 7), and tissue extracts of rat brain (Lane 8), rat liver (Lane 9), rat heart (Lane 10) and mouse brain (Lane 11). Antibody specificity was demonstrated by detection of differential basal expression of the target across cell lines and tissues tested owing to their inherent genetic constitution. Relative expression of PGP9.5 was observed in DU 145 and SH-SY5Y in comparison to K-562, HeLa, and Hep G2 and in rat brain in comparison to rat liver and rat heart.
 

Figure 2. DNM1L antibody in western blot. A) Western blot analysis was performed on whole cell extracts (30 µg lysate) of SH-SY5Y (Lane 1) and NTERA-2 (Lane 2) and tissue extracts of mouse brain (Lane 3), rat brain (Lane 4), mouse heart (Lane 5), and rat heart (Lane 6). The blots were probed with DNM1L Recombinant Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody (2H15L40) (Cat. No.702782, 1:200 dilution) and detected by chemiluminescence using Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Superclonal Recombinant Secondary Antibody, HRP (Cat. No. A27036, 1:4000 dilution). A~ 80 kDa band corresponding to DNM1L was observed across the cell lines and tissues tested. B) Antibody specificity was demonstrated by CRISPR-Cas9 mediated knockout of the target protein. A loss of signal was observed for the target protein in DNM1L knockout (KO) cell line using DNM1L Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody (2H15L40) (Cat. No. 702782).