Protein denaturing and reducing agents are available as purified powders, convenient solutions, and solid phase reagents.
What are protein reducing agents?
Reducing agents can be used to disrupt, or reduce, disulfide bonds in peptides and proteins. Disulfide reducing agents include tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP), beta-mercaptoethanol (BME), and dithiothreitol (DTT). Usage of these agents is important for analyzing individual proteins.
What are protein denaturing agents?
Denaturing agents can be used to unfold and alter protein structure. Additionally, they disrupt water interactions and promote hydrophobic protein and peptide solubilization, elution, and refolding. These agents include urea and guanidine hydrochloride.
Selection guide for denaturing and reducing agents
| Product | Function | Thiol-free | Form | Cat. No. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bond-Breaker TCEP Solution, Neutral pH | Stable 0.5 M solution of TCEP reducing agent for protein disulfide bonds, odor-free and suitable as a 10X stock to make reducing SDS-PAGE sample buffers. | Yes | Liquid | 77720 |
| TCEP-HCl | Pure crystalline Tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride, (TCEP, CAS 5961-85-3) is a thiol-free reductant for protein and peptide disulfide bonds. | Yes | Solid | 20490 |
| TCEP-HCl, No-Weigh Format | Pre-aliquoted format of protein disulfide reducing agent prevents the loss of reagent reactivity and contamination over time | Yes | A35349 | |
| TCEP-HCl, Premium Grade | Highly characterized version of a popular protein disulfide reducing agent thoroughly tested and fully documented. | Yes | PG82090 | |
| Immobilized TCEP Disulfide Reducing Gel | Immobilized TCEP disulfide reducing gel is tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine covalently immobilized to agarose resin to help enable the efficient reduction of peptide and protein disulfide bonds without contaminating samples with reducing agent | Yes | Liquid | 77712 |
| Immobilized Reductant Columns | Immobilized reductant column contains resin to which a thiol-based reducing agent has been immobilized to enable the solid-phase reduction of peptide and protein disulfide bonds | No | Liquid | 77701 |
| 2-Mercaptoethanol | Pure liquid (14 M), beta-mercaptoethanol (BME, 2BME, 2-ME, b-mer, CAS 60-24-2) is a thiol reducing agent for cleaving protein disulfide bonds (cystine). | No | Liquid | 35602BID |
| 2-Mercaptoethylamine-HCl | Pure crystalline 2-aminoethanethiol (2-MEA-HCl, also called cysteamine-HCl, CAS 156-57-0), selectively reduces antibody hinge-region disulfide bonds | No | Solid | 20408 |
| Dithiothreitol | Convenient 48-microtube tray containing dry, stable, single-use aliquots of DTT | No | Powder | 20290 |
| DTT (Dithiothreitol), No-Weigh Format | Convenient 48-microtube tray containing dry, stable, single-use aliquots of DTT | No | Dry aliquots | A39255 |
| Hydroxylamine-HCl | Hydroxylamine-HCl (NbOH.HCl) (CAS 7803-49-8) is used to cleave Asn-Gly peptide bonds or to deprotect sulfhydryls following S-acetylthioacetate modification with SATA reagent | — | Solid | 26103 |
Reduction of organic disulfide bonds using TCEP.
| Product | Function | Form | Cat. No. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8M Guanidine-HCl Solution | Accurately formulated, highly pure, ready-to-use solution for the solubilization of hydrophobic proteins and peptides | Liquid | 24115 |
| Guanidine-HCl | Highly pure solid that is easily dissolved and pH-adjusted for the solubilization of hydrophobic proteins and peptides | Powder | 24110 |
| Urea | Pure, crystalline protein denaturant that increases solubility of hydrophobic molecules and acts as a general protein denaturant via unfolding and altering their 3D structures | Powder | 29700 |
| Product | Function | Thiol-free | Form | Cat. No. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bond-Breaker TCEP Solution, Neutral pH | Stable 0.5 M solution of TCEP reducing agent for protein disulfide bonds, odor-free and suitable as a 10X stock to make reducing SDS-PAGE sample buffers. | Yes | Liquid | 77720 |
| TCEP-HCl | Pure crystalline Tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride, (TCEP, CAS 5961-85-3) is a thiol-free reductant for protein and peptide disulfide bonds. | Yes | Solid | 20490 |
| TCEP-HCl, No-Weigh Format | Pre-aliquoted format of protein disulfide reducing agent prevents the loss of reagent reactivity and contamination over time | Yes | A35349 | |
| TCEP-HCl, Premium Grade | Highly characterized version of a popular protein disulfide reducing agent thoroughly tested and fully documented. | Yes | PG82090 | |
| Immobilized TCEP Disulfide Reducing Gel | Immobilized TCEP disulfide reducing gel is tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine covalently immobilized to agarose resin to help enable the efficient reduction of peptide and protein disulfide bonds without contaminating samples with reducing agent | Yes | Liquid | 77712 |
| Immobilized Reductant Columns | Immobilized reductant column contains resin to which a thiol-based reducing agent has been immobilized to enable the solid-phase reduction of peptide and protein disulfide bonds | No | Liquid | 77701 |
| 2-Mercaptoethanol | Pure liquid (14 M), beta-mercaptoethanol (BME, 2BME, 2-ME, b-mer, CAS 60-24-2) is a thiol reducing agent for cleaving protein disulfide bonds (cystine). | No | Liquid | 35602BID |
| 2-Mercaptoethylamine-HCl | Pure crystalline 2-aminoethanethiol (2-MEA-HCl, also called cysteamine-HCl, CAS 156-57-0), selectively reduces antibody hinge-region disulfide bonds | No | Solid | 20408 |
| Dithiothreitol | Convenient 48-microtube tray containing dry, stable, single-use aliquots of DTT | No | Powder | 20290 |
| DTT (Dithiothreitol), No-Weigh Format | Convenient 48-microtube tray containing dry, stable, single-use aliquots of DTT | No | Dry aliquots | A39255 |
| Hydroxylamine-HCl | Hydroxylamine-HCl (NbOH.HCl) (CAS 7803-49-8) is used to cleave Asn-Gly peptide bonds or to deprotect sulfhydryls following S-acetylthioacetate modification with SATA reagent | — | Solid | 26103 |
Reduction of organic disulfide bonds using TCEP.
| Product | Function | Form | Cat. No. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8M Guanidine-HCl Solution | Accurately formulated, highly pure, ready-to-use solution for the solubilization of hydrophobic proteins and peptides | Liquid | 24115 |
| Guanidine-HCl | Highly pure solid that is easily dissolved and pH-adjusted for the solubilization of hydrophobic proteins and peptides | Powder | 24110 |
| Urea | Pure, crystalline protein denaturant that increases solubility of hydrophobic molecules and acts as a general protein denaturant via unfolding and altering their 3D structures | Powder | 29700 |
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